/*
This query returns the index position of 
the first occurrence of string Excel 
inside string MSExcelOfficeExcel. 
*/
SELECT INSTR('MSExcelOfficeExcel', 'Excel');

-- Query 1: this query converts the string to lower case.
SELECT LCASE('GeeksEngine');
 
-- Query 2: returns the same result as Query 1.
SELECT LOWER('GeeksEngine');

-- Returns 5 characters counting from the left.
SELECT LEFT('GeeksEngine', 5);

/*
Count how many bytes in the string. English characters 
use 1 byte per character. So length of string GeeksEngine 
is 11 bytes (or 11 characters).
*/
SELECT LENGTH('GeeksEngine');

/*
Count how many bytes in the string. Chinese
characters use 3 bytes per character. So 
the length of the string 汉字 is 6 bytes.
*/
SELECT LENGTH('');

/*
Read the content of MySQL ini file.
*/
SELECT LOAD_FILE('/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.0/my.ini');

/*
LOCATE(substr,str)
 
When pos number is omitted, the search 
starts from position 1.
*/
SELECT LOCATE('engine', 'GeeksEngine');

/*
LOCATE(substr,str,pos)
 
When position number is specified, the search 
starts from position number. In this query,
search starts from position number 8.
*/
SELECT LOCATE('engine', 'GeeksEngineEngine', 8);

/*
LPAD(str,len,padstr)
 
Left pad string Engine with string Geeks
to 11 characters long, which is the exact 
length of GeeksEngine.
*/
SELECT LPAD('Engine',11,'Geeks');

/*
LPAD(str,len,padstr)
 
String Engine is shortened because its length 
(6 characters) is greater than len (4 characters).
*/
SELECT LPAD('Engine',4,'Geeks');

/*
LPAD(str,len,padstr)
 
String Engine is left padded with Geeks
until the len number of characters is reached.
This is because the length of string Engine
(6 characters) is less than len (15 characters).
*/
SELECT LPAD('Engine',15,'Geeks');

-- Remove leading spaces
SELECT LTRIM('  Geeks');

SELECT MAKE_SET(1 | 4,'hello','nice','world');

/*
Using ORD function for multi-byte characters.
 
This query returns the decimal character code for 
the leftmost character of Chinese characters 汉字. 
*/
SELECT ORD('汉字');

/*
Using ORD function for single-byte characters. In this
case, it returns the same value as the ASCII() function.
 
Query 1: This query returns the decimal character code for 
the leftmost character of string GeeksEngine. 
*/
SELECT ORD('GeeksEngine');
 
/*
Query 2: This query returns the same value as Query 1.
*/
SELECT ASCII('GeeksEngine');

/*
Query 1: This query displays the backslash
and single quotes in the result. Here backslash 
does not work as escape character anymore. 
 
Compare with Query 2 to see the difference.
*/
SELECT QUOTE('You\'re cool!') AS quote_me;
 
/*
Query 2: In this query, single quotes and backslash
are not displayed in the result.
*/
SELECT 'You\'re cool!' AS no_quote;