/*
REPEAT(str,count)
 
This query repeats the word Geeks 3 times.
*/
SELECT REPEAT('Geeks', 3);

/*
REPEAT(str,count)
 
This query returns empty string because
the count is a negative number.
*/
SELECT REPEAT('Geeks', -2);

/*
Replaces all occurrences of the string Geeks
with the string Search.
*/
SELECT REPLACE('GeeksEngine', 'Geeks', 'Search');

/*
Reverse the string GeeksEngine.
*/
SELECT REVERSE('GeeksEngine');

/*
Returns the rightmost 6 characters 
from the string GeeksEngine.
*/
SELECT RIGHT('GeeksEngine', 6);

/*
RPAD(str,len,padstr)
 
Right pad string web with string site
to 7 characters long, which is the exact 
length of string website.
*/
SELECT RPAD('web',7,'site');

/*
RPAD(str,len,padstr)
 
String web is shortened to we because its length 
(3 characters) is greater than len (2 characters).
*/
SELECT LPAD('web',2,'site');

/*
RPAD(str,len,padstr)
 
String web is right padded with string site
until the len number of characters is reached.
This is because the length of string web
(3 characters) is less than len (11 characters).
*/
SELECT RPAD('web',11,'site');

-- Remove trailing spaces
SELECT RTRIM('Geeks   ');

/*
The string World and Word sound similar and 
the two queries return similar soundex string values.
 
Query 1 returns W643 and Query 2 returns W630
*/
SELECT SOUNDEX('World');
 
SELECT SOUNDEX('Word');

/*
SOUNDEX function does not return the standard 
soundex string which a four characters long 
alphanumeric code. We use SUBSTRING() to get a 
standard soundex string of the first four characters.
 
In the following two queries, the string World Red Cross 
has a soundex string of W64363262. SUBSTRING() is used 
to get the standard soundex string - W643
*/
SELECT SOUNDEX('World Red Cross');
 
SELECT SUBSTRING(SOUNDEX('World Red Cross'), 1, 4);
 
/*
In the following two queries, the string Word Red Grass 
has a soundex string of W6363262. SUBSTRING() is used 
to get the standard soundex string - W636
*/
SELECT SOUNDEX('Word Red Grass');
 
SELECT SUBSTRING(SOUNDEX('Word Red Grass'), 1, 4);

/*
In this query, we added 5 space characters in between
string Geeks and Engine.
*/
SELECT CONCAT('Geeks', SPACE(5), 'Engine') AS show_space;

/*
Returns 0 when the two strings are the same.
 
These two queries return the same result because
the default comparison behavior is case insensitive.
*/
SELECT STRCMP('world', 'world');
 
SELECT STRCMP('world', 'WORLD');

/*
Returns 1 if the first string is bigger than 
the second string based on the current sort order.
*/
SELECT STRCMP('worldcup', 'world');

/*
Returns -1 if the first string is smaller than 
the second string based on the current sort order.
*/
SELECT STRCMP('world', 'worldcup');

/*
SUBSTRING(str,pos)
 
This query returns a substring from string 
GeeksEngine, starting at position 6.
*/
SELECT SUBSTRING('GeeksEngine',6);

/*
SUBSTRING(str,pos,len)
 
This query returns a substring of 9 characters long 
from string GeeksEngine, starting at position 8.
*/
SELECT SUBSTRING('GeeksEngine',8,9);

/*
SUBSTRING(str FROM pos)
 
This query returns a substring from string 
GeeksEngine, starting at position 6.
*/
SELECT SUBSTRING('GeeksEngine' FROM 6);

/*
SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
 
This query returns a substring of 9 characters long 
from string GeeksEnngine, starting at position 8.
*/
SELECT SUBSTRING('GeeksEngine' FROM 8 FOR 9);

/*
If pos value is negative number, the beginning 
of the substring is the number of pos characters 
from the end of the string, rather than the beginning.
 
This query returns a substring of 3 characters long 
from string GeeksEngine, starting at position 6 counting
from right to left.
*/
SELECT SUBSTRING('GeeksEngine', -6, 3);

/*
SUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count)
 
Because the count is positive, everything to the left 
of the last delimiter (counting from the left) is returned.
 
This query returns www.GeeksEngine which is the part on
the left hand side of the second dot (counting from the left).
*/
SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.GeeksEngine.com', '.', 2);

/*
SUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count)
 
Because the count is negative, everything to the right 
of the last delimiter (counting from the right) is returned.
 
This query returns GeeksEngine.com which is the part on
the right hand side of the first dot (counting from the left).
*/
SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.GeeksEngine.com', '.', -2);

/*
This query trims both leading and trailing
spaces for string '  Engine   ' and then
concatenate with string Geeks.
*/
SELECT CONCAT('Geeks', TRIM('  Engine   '));

/*
This query trims leading xx in string xxxGeeksEngine
and the result is xGeeksEngine. Note that if we trim
single character x, all leading xxx will be removed.
*/
SELECT TRIM(LEADING 'xx' FROM 'xxxGeeksEngine');

/*
This query trims trailing xx in string GeeksEnginexxx
and the result is GeeksEnginex. Note that if we trim
single character x, all xxx at the end will be removed.
*/
SELECT TRIM(TRAILING 'xx' FROM 'GeeksEnginexxx');

/*
This query trims both leading xx and trailing xx
in string xxxGeeksEnginexx and the result is 
xGeeksEngine. Note that if we trim single character x, 
all leading xxx and trailing xx will be removed.
*/
SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'xx' FROM 'xxxGeeksEnginexx');

/*
If no keyword BOTH is specified, removing 
both leading xx and trailing xx is assumed.
 
This query returns the same result as the query
in Practice 43-4 above.
*/
SELECT TRIM('xx' FROM 'xxxGeeksEnginexx');

-- Convert hexadecimal digits to its characters.
SELECT UNHEX('4765656B73');
 
-- This query returns the same result as the query above
SELECT 0x4765656B73;

-- Convert to upper-case
SELECT UPPER('geeksengine');